Effect of Simulated Ice and Residual Roughness on the Performance
of a Natural Laminar Flow Airfoil
By: Darren Glenn Jackson
Adviser: Dr. Michael B. Bragg
M.S., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999
ABSTRACT
This investigation studied the aerodynamic
performance of an NFL(1)-0414F natural laminar flow airfoil with flap deflection
ice accretions and grit roughness. Four models, each incorporating
a different ice protection system, were tested in the NASA Lewis Icing
Research Tunnel to acquire inter-cycle ice shapes for each ice protection
system and a failure-mode ice shape. Two-dimensional simulations
of the failure-mode and inter-cycle ice accretions were created using stereo
lithography and tested in the University of Illinois wind tunnel to acquire
Cl, Cd, Cm
and Ch data. Three spanwise cross-sections
of the failure-mode ice shape as well as a LEWICE prediction were tested
to evaluate the effect of variations in the ice shape along the span of
the model. Significant differences were found in the aerodynamic
performance. Boundary-layer measurements were made through the use
of a boundary-layer mouse and the boundary-layer thickness correlated well
to the drag values. Lower surface ice roughness aft of the main accretion
was modeled and found to have littl measurable aerodynamic effect.
All ice accretions tested degraded the aerodynamic performance, but the
inter-cycle ice simulations produced larger Cl,max
degradation, campaored to the accompanying drag rise, than did the failure-mode
ice shapes. Grit roughness of a variety of sizes, area densities,
and chordwise extents were applied to the model and the performance measured.
The results of these tests showed that Cl,max
decreases with increasing grit size and increasing area density.
Little additional decrease occurs for densities over 30%. Drag increases
were also seen for increasing grit size. Little performance effect
was seen for the various chordwise extents until the roughness covered
from 10-30% of the airfoil surface.